| 1. Skull Rosary | 2. Trident | 3. Curved Knife |
| 4. Skull Bowl | 5. Damaru | 6. Noose / Cord |
1. Skull Rosary / necklace made of skulls
The continuous counting of the rosary is a symbol of the eternal activity that Mahakala accomplishes on a cosmic level. Alternatively, this necklace signifies that he will achieve his goals for the benefit of humanity without any interference. The skull rosary or necklace of skulls offers two different symbolic interpretations from different sources. One emphasizes the cosmic, ceaseless activity, while the other focuses on the effectiveness of his protective actions for humanity. This illustrates that a single attribute can carry multiple layers of meaning, which often complement rather than contradict each other, reflecting different facets of the deity's power and function. The specific ‘counting’ aspect of a rosary suggests an active, ongoing commitment, while the ‘necklace’ could emphasize the result or effect of its protective power.
2. Trident
The trident represents the Three Jewels of Buddhism: the Buddha, the Dharma and the Sangha. Another interpretation is that it symbolizes Mahakala's activities in the three hemispheres (desire, form and non-form). The symbolism of the trident is divided between the representation of the basic teachings of Buddhism (Three Jewels) and the scope of Mahakala's activities in different spheres of existence. This shows how iconography can be interpreted through different perspectives - doctrinal principles versus the active function of the deity. Both are valid and contribute to a comprehensive understanding of his role and power.
3. Curved Knife [Katrka]
This attribute symbolizes the severing of illusions and obstacles. More specifically, it is used to cut the “lifelines of enemies” such as oath-breakers and obstructive spirits, or to remove ignorance. The curved knife is a common tantric instrument that is often paired with the skull bowl and symbolizes the cutting away of the ego and attachments.
4. Skull Bowl [Kapala]
The skull bowl is often filled with the heart blood of enemies and symbolizes the subjugation of evil forces and the transformation of negative energies. It also represents victory over demons and the offering of purified consciousness. The skull bowl, like the kartika, is a significant tantric instrument that often symbolizes the transformation of impurities into wisdom nectar.
5. Damaru [hourglass-shaped drum]
The drum symbolizes the primordial sound from which all manifested existence is said to have arisen. Its rattling is also said to emit a sound that awakens practitioners from their state of ignorance and lures them onto the path of dharma.
6. Noose [Cord]
This attribute is used to bind those who have strayed from the path of Buddhist teaching. It symbolizes his power to bind those who stray. The noose is a common attribute of wrathful deities and symbolizes the binding and subjugation of negative forces or those who oppose the Dharma.